An optical and scanning electron microscopy study was made of the effect of high fluoride and low protein intake on tooth matrix development in goats in an industrially polluted region of Baotou, China, during the dry grass season. The enamel and the dentine were severely damaged, and the boundary lines between them and between the cementum and the dentine were obscure and uneven. The fluorosed dentine had loose and crooked rows of collagen with non-uniform staining, in contrast to dense and neat rows of collagen in controls with uniform staining.